🔬 Structure 1 — Models of Matter
Particulate Nature of Matter
States of matter, phase changes, and the kinetic molecular theory.
SL & HLThe Nuclear Atom
Subatomic particles, isotopes, atomic number, and mass spectrometry.
SL & HLElectron Configurations
Emission spectra, orbitals, electron arrangements, and ionization energy.
SL & HLCounting Particles by Mass: The Mole
Avogadro's constant, molar mass, empirical/molecular formulas, and stoichiometry.
SL & HLIdeal Gases
Gas laws, PV=nRT, molar volume, and real vs ideal gas behavior.
SL & HL🔗 Structure 2 — Models of Bonding
The Ionic Model
Ion formation, lattice structures, properties, and Born-Haber cycles (HL).
SL & HLThe Covalent Model
Lewis structures, VSEPR, polarity, hybridization (HL), and intermolecular forces.
SL & HLThe Metallic Model
Sea of electrons, metallic properties, conductivity, and alloys.
SL & HLFrom Models to Materials
Bonding continuum, polymers, composites, and nanomaterials.
SL & HL📊 Structure 3 — Classification of Matter
The Periodic Table
Periodic trends, electronegativity, ionization energy, and Period 3 oxides (HL).
SL & HLFunctional Groups & Organic Chemistry
Homologous series, IUPAC naming, isomerism, and stereoisomers (HL).
SL & HL🔥 Reactivity 1 — What Drives Reactions?
Measuring Enthalpy Changes
Enthalpy definitions, calorimetry, and standard enthalpy changes.
SL & HLEnergy Cycles
Hess's Law, bond enthalpies, Born-Haber (HL), entropy and Gibbs (HL).
SL & HLEnergy from Fuels
Combustion, fossil fuels, biofuels, hydrogen fuel cells, and efficiency.
SL & HL⏱ Reactivity 2 — How Much & How Fast?
How Fast? Rate of Reaction
Collision theory, factors affecting rate, Maxwell-Boltzmann, and catalysts.
SL & HLHow Much? Rate Laws
Rate expressions, reaction orders, mechanisms, and the Arrhenius equation.
HL Only⚖ Reactivity 3 — How Far? Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, and industrial applications.
SL & HLThe Equilibrium Law
Kc expression, ICE tables, reaction quotient (Q), and ΔG = −RT ln K.
HL Only🧪 Reactivity 4 — Acids & Bases
Acid-Base Theories
Bronsted-Lowry, conjugate pairs, pH calculations, and titration curves.
SL & HLBuffers & Salt Hydrolysis
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, buffer capacity, and salt hydrolysis.
HL Only⚡ Reactivity 5 — Redox Processes
Redox Processes
Oxidation states, half-equations, voltaic and electrolytic cells.
SL & HLElectrode Potentials
Standard hydrogen electrode, electrochemical series, Ecell, and ΔG = −nFE.
HL Only